Donald Meichenbaum developed cognitive behavior modification (CBM) as an alternative to Ellis’s REBT. A crucial element of CBM is that the client must learn how they are impacting others and become aware of how they feel, think and behave.
Meichenbaum developed cognitive-behavior modification (CBM) in an effort to integrate psychodynamic and cognitive treatment systems with the "technology of behavior therapists". He believed that not one of these treatment systems alone was sufficient to explain psychopathology and promote behavior change. He believed that the combination could accomplish both goals.
Meichenbaum developed cognitive-behavior modification (CBM) in an effort to integrate psychodynamic and cognitive treatment systems with the "technology of behavior therapists". He believed that not one of these treatment systems alone was sufficient to explain psychopathology and promote behavior change. He believed that the combination could accomplish both goals.
Three assumptions of CBM clarify how Meichenbaum (1993) integrates
cognitive and behavior theory:
(Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014):
1. Constructive narrative. People actively construct their own reality. REALITY IS A PRODUCT OF PERSONAL MEANINGS.
2. Information processing: An activating event taps into a person's core cognitions, leading to an unhelpful, inaccurate, and distorted thought. People experience negative emotions and engage in unwise and harmful behaviors because they distort reality as a result of cognitive errors and misperceptions.
3. Conditioning: Cognitions are viewed as covert behaviors that have been conditioned. They can be deconditioned and modified through rewards or negative consequences. Modeling, mental rehearsal, and other strategies are important in effecting cognitive change.
Click here for "Seven Questions for Donald Meichenbaum" about CBT
cognitive and behavior theory:
(Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014):
1. Constructive narrative. People actively construct their own reality. REALITY IS A PRODUCT OF PERSONAL MEANINGS.
2. Information processing: An activating event taps into a person's core cognitions, leading to an unhelpful, inaccurate, and distorted thought. People experience negative emotions and engage in unwise and harmful behaviors because they distort reality as a result of cognitive errors and misperceptions.
3. Conditioning: Cognitions are viewed as covert behaviors that have been conditioned. They can be deconditioned and modified through rewards or negative consequences. Modeling, mental rehearsal, and other strategies are important in effecting cognitive change.
Click here for "Seven Questions for Donald Meichenbaum" about CBT
TECHNIQUES
Cognitve-behavioral therapists use both behavioral and cognitive strategies to create new treatment approaches specific to the client's needs. There are many different CBT approaches and techniques that can be blended together to work as one. All of the techniques include the core element of cognitive restructuring as developed by Ellis and Beck. Below is a list of other techniques and strategies that can be incorporated into treatment:
Stress Inoculation Training (SIT): An approach to reduce stress that consists of three phases; conceptualization skills, skills acquisition and rehearsal, and application and follow-through.
This approach assumes that if people can successfully cope with relatively mild stressors, they will be able to tolerate and and successfully cope with more severe ones. Treatment usually consists of 12-15 weekly sessions plus additional follow-up sessions over 6-12 months.
Cognitve-behavioral therapists use both behavioral and cognitive strategies to create new treatment approaches specific to the client's needs. There are many different CBT approaches and techniques that can be blended together to work as one. All of the techniques include the core element of cognitive restructuring as developed by Ellis and Beck. Below is a list of other techniques and strategies that can be incorporated into treatment:
Stress Inoculation Training (SIT): An approach to reduce stress that consists of three phases; conceptualization skills, skills acquisition and rehearsal, and application and follow-through.
This approach assumes that if people can successfully cope with relatively mild stressors, they will be able to tolerate and and successfully cope with more severe ones. Treatment usually consists of 12-15 weekly sessions plus additional follow-up sessions over 6-12 months.
Behavioral Activation Therapy (BAT): Involves increasing activity on a daily basis to help motivate people with depression who may experience low energy and may have withdrawn from life. BAT is usually started at the beginning of treatment for depression, to help people increase their activity levels, improve their mood, and provide a source of pleasure on which they can build. Strategies used include establishing a list of pleasant activities, scheduling, monitoring, and charting activities; relaxation and skills training; recognizing aversive and avoidant behaviors; and confronting cognitive distortions.
Habit Reversal Training ( HAT): Uses reinforcement and other behavior techniques to help people recognize tics before they happen, monitor their own behavior during stressful situations, use relaxation techniques, and perform alternative behaviors that are incompatible with the behavior they are trying to extinguish.
Exposure: Exposure is one of the most important components of cognitive or cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders. Through the use of exposure, the person learns to identify his or her fear responses; recognize maladaptive cognitions, confront uncomfortable feelings without avoiding, running away or otherwise modifying the experience; and achieve a certain amount of self-efficacy or control over the feelings of distress. Flooding, graduated exposure, and systematic desensitization are all elements of exposure based therapy.
Eye movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): A form of exposure therapy that combines bilateral stimulation (eye movement, alternating sounds, and tapping), behavioral desensitization, and cognitive restructuring in a structured eight phase process. EMDR shows promise in the treatment of anxiety and mood disorders, specific phobias, eating and conduct disorders.
Problem Solving Therapy (PST): Consists of a four step process: Identifying the problem, brainstorming alternatives, conducting a cost/benefit analysis of possible solutions, and monitoring and evaluating outcomes. Through PST, clients reduce impulsive decisions, minimize conflict, and decrease the use of maladaptive coping skills such as avoidance, passivity, or emotion dysregulation. Visualization can be used to help clients imagine achieving the goal successfully.